A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of Defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to Defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about Defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of Defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the Defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in Defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and Defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, Defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect Defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of Defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, Defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in Defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall Defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the Defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the Defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the Defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the Defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-Defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of Defense. Therefore, the Defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex Defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the Defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the Defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the Defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the Defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T Considering the location of vital centers in the heart of the cities, they are more affected by unexpected events. Hence, due to the probability of the loss of existing services and devastating effects on the social organization and the necessity to prepare essential needs of people and military agencies, planning and building the storage for essential items as a replacement for the damaged services are considered a critical factor in social and defensive reliability. This research tries to locate stockpile of essential Items in Mashhad by emphasizing passive Defense criteria and analyzing stockpiles of essential items in terms of form communicational structure. The type of research is applied, and the research method is in theoretical discussion and formulation of mental models, descriptive-analytical and information-gathering methods, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. Moreover, the information analysis method is with the IHWP model in GIS software in the locating section. In the section on examining architectural patterns and forms is content analysis. The research results show that 20.61 percent of Mashhad has an optimal location potential, and 0.94 percent of city also has a favorable potential for location. Also, parts of the north-east and south of the city have the priority for location. The types of spatial organization of the rectangular form, including centralized, four-armed, introverted, and diagonal, were investigated in the architecture department. The centralized form is preferable to other forms for its capacity and access to exits and spatial organization Extended Abstract Introduction As a stockpile of essential items to facilitate the process of activities and to achieve goals, the warehouse plays a vital role in creating this flexibility in organizations. In fact, from the point of view of crisis management, the stockpile of essential items can play a significant role in the supply chain to deal with unforeseen internal or external incidents. Passive Defense in the stockpile of essential items refers to measures that do not require expensive and challenging methods and solutions to protect the stockpile of essential items. Furthermore, it can help avoid the substantial expenses of monitoring the entire inventory and increasing non-conformities (such as theft, fire, non-conformity in the inventory and management inspection, fatal accidents, etc.) or reduce this amount. Choosing the form of the stockpile of essential items for essential items with a passive Defense approach requires a comprehensive analysis based on Defense principles such as hierarchical protection, nationwide coverage, dynamic protection, relative self-sufficiency, and minimum vulnerability. Therefore, in addition to placing this category of stockpile of essential items in Mashhad, the mentioned research also tries to establish a relationship between architectural forms and principles of Defense to reduce vulnerability and improve the level of relief in times of crisis.   Methodology The current type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, 29 people were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with urban and passive Defense experts. The method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. Also, the content analysis method was used to compile and analyze the architectural forms of the stockpile of essential items of essential items compatible with the principles of passive Defense. The fuzzy quantitative model IHWP was exploited in GIS software for placing the stockpile of essential items in the studied sample.   Results and discussion Locating From the overlaying of 10 indicators, distance from the fault, height of buildings, distance from gas lines, distance from high voltage power lines, road width, building density, risk of uses, distance from water transmission lines, population density, and land prone to liquefaction, location in 10 class was conducted that the first and second priority is the north-east and south of Mashhad, which has the most favorable location. In Mashhad, 17.2% of the city area has a very low score, 12.8% low score, 48.37% medium score, 20.61% high score, and 0.94% very high score regarding location desirability.   Architecture According to the previous studies on geometric forms, the suitable form for warehouse design is a simple form that does not have frequent breaks and sharp and vague points to reduce the spatial deviation. Among the geometrical shapes, square and rectangular right-cornered shapes meet the criteria of warehouse design. In the meantime, the rectangle can define joints along its length, each of which is a focal point for concentrating activities and organizing their performance. Additionally, the internal spaces in this form are reasonably defined, which results in the building's overall form being overshadowed. This also makes the surrounding accesses more targeted and focused, ultimately providing more suitable relief during times of crisis. In order to create four types of stockpiles of essential items, A (centralized), B (four arms), C (introverted), and D (polar) were designed, and the way of combining these stockpiles of essential items was expressed and analyzed separately. The research results on accesses and circulation shows that type A covers a population of over 100,000 people, which has the best performance in terms of access to exits and spatial organization and provides services in times of crisis. Therefore, type A, due to the sequence of layers, lines, and expansion on the surface, has the most functional symmetry with the body of the warehouse, and its spatial projection is limited to adapt the shell to the body. Visually, it has the least visibility from a high height. Due to its volume and formal indicators, it has a high level of homogeneity and camouflage with its surrounding environment.   Conclusion The results of placing stockpiles of essential items in Mashhad showed that the northeast and south of the city have a higher talent for establishment. According to the examination of geometric forms, the rectangular form has the most efficiency for warehouse design in the architecture area. Due to formal capabilities such as the value of lines, angles, and proportions, it has the most efficiency in terms of performance, motion circulation, and the least spatial deviation. In order to research as mentioned above, after choosing the dominant form of the rectangle, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial organization of the rectangular form using linear, combined, decomposition, and combination methods and centripetal and radial arrangements in terms of passive Defense principles. Furthermore, four different types of warehouse design were formally analyzed as patterns and representative types, which are four arms, centralized, introverted, and diagonal, each of which, in addition to functional capabilities, also covers the population's needs in crisis conditions. Finally, the concentrated type due to the extent of its successive lines and layers in close proximity to each other, the perceptibility of the surfaces of the body joints because it can be recognized from a high altitude in order not to be identified in times of crisis such as air raid, they have the highest degree of compatibility between function and form from the point of view of passive Defense.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

In general Defense in two areas of Defense and passive Defense has long been associated with the creation of man and man's time, using more advanced techniques and resources they have. But this progress has not been uniform in all parts of the planet relative to the differences led the countries to think of rape, assault and threatening other countries to afford. So the threated country of the use of programs for self-Defense was thinking that one of these programs from the standpoint of passive Defense is territorial Defense preparation. So that the plans to regulate the residence, employment, facilities, infrastructure and services with regard to Defense and security, environmental and human, position and shape of the land and the economic, social, cultural and ... and considers all aspects of crisis and danger. From this perspective, many of the goals and principles of passive Defense in the context of land use planning in the world. In general, land use planning is a forward-looking and fair view of the use and operation of the power and functionality of the environment and a vision of security and Defense in the distribution of people, activities and the infrastructure of people in the space of a country's. In this study, using the analytical method to analyze and study the documentation and analysis of business issues on security and Defense of the national level to municipal level has been assessed. For this reason and because of the political situation and the threats against Iran in the region and the world takes place and also the spatial analysis of the scattering of residence and activity in this study, the results indicate an imbalance in rural and urban systems, facilities and infrastructure, employment and activity and... The attention again of political, military and planners authorities is necessary to balance security and Defense, and also avoid thinking of harassment and intimidation in the country.

In the sixth development plan (c) Iran to use the surplus capacity of the Defense industry to non-Defense Department stressed. The main question that it is effective for the realization of this, how should policy be formulated? The Defense industry sector, one of the leading productive sectors and in the field of science and technology and the development of advanced products that simultaneously for a dual purpose can be to produce the products and technology of Defense and non-Defense employment. Governments always sought to identify and resolve general issues are society; today, the promotion of national production and utilization of internal capacity for it, the orientation is that public policy makers pay more attention implies. But, if the version of this policy are based on theoretical considerations and practical dorandishane siagh and scientifically designed, will continue the national pain medicine. So in this study, for the quality of documentation and studies with interviews with people from the academic and industrial experts knowledgeable, acting as a model to design practical policy makers view the arena, in the form of qualitative content analysis, we have. The results of this research, attention has to the three The pivotal factor, 6 dimensions, 28 components and guidelines for building the dual use Defense industry policy.

Today, every country is trying to take measures to maximize national power and authority to establish security and maximize its Defense capabilities. The Islamic Republic of Iran is no exception to this rule and is trying to increase its national capabilities, national power and Defense authority in space. It will increase deterrence, reduce vulnerability, continue necessary activities, promote national sustainability, and facilitate crisis management in the face of military threats and actions. For this purpose, the present study has been written with the aim of presenting the model of optimizing the security Defense authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a passive Defense approach. To extract the initial components, two methods were used to study the extensive libraries and the Delphi technique using 14 academic experts and strategic designers, and the selection of experts was done by sampling snowballs. Kendall’ s coordination coefficient was 0. 86, indicating a very strong view of the meeting between experts. The LISREL software was used to evaluate the components. Based on the results of the research, 38 components were identified as factors affecting the optimization of the security Defense authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a passive Defense approach.

War and armed conflict is the most serious threat to the national security of countries. In this light, the period of holy Defense is a valuable treasure of experiences, policies, plans and strategies that might enlighten the Islamic system’s future path in the face of future threats. This study has analyzed the Defense strategies of Imam Khomeini during the holy Defense in a descriptive-analytical method. The text of Imam Khomeini’s Sahifa about the holy Defense has been studied and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using the content analysis methodology in analogical and inductive approaches. Seven components of Defense, including philosophy and nature of holy Defense, culture and organizational behavior of the armed forces, psychological operations, Islamic ethics in war, the military force equal to the Islamic Revolution, the role of world powers in the war and the role and function of popular mobilization forces have been set as the criterion to identify and explain Imam Khomeini''''''''s Defense concepts and strategies. 54 concepts of Defense have been extracted from the text of the Imam''''''''s Sahifa according to the research findings and based on the above mentioned seven components. Then, the ranking of concepts and their process of change during the six periods of holy Defense has been studied and analyzed separately. Finally, seventeen Defense strategies considered by Imam Khomeini (RA) have been determined using the qualitative content analysis method and the process of "categorization" based on the 54 concepts and the seven components of Defense.

During the Holy Defense period, Iran faced a wide military sanction from Western and Eastern countries. The armed forces, using the facilities available in their creative and innovative forces, worked with all their might and ended the imposed war with courage, perseverance, innovation and creativity with victory. In these years, Iran's Defense orientation in the field of weapons and military achievements has been based on security needs. Therefore, the industrial growth and development in various sectors in the field of military products production, including weapons and armor, naval, missile, air, etc., has gained a new boost, and it doubles the need to pay attention to politics by taking advantage of the lessons learned from the holy Defense. The purpose of this research is to compile lessons learned from the holy Defense in the policy making of Defense science and technology. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting library information is using a phishing tool. The results of the research show that the policy making of Defense science and technology is influenced by the factors of the perspective of the armed forces, mission and mission, environment (internal and external), Defense policies, Defense strategy, doctrine and principles of war, which can have strategic consequences in the organizational structure, human capital, Bring education, research, technology and Defense equipment and weapons.

This research has been conducted with the aim of applying Defense policy with Defense strategy and military strategy. The research has been of applied type, and had been carried out via case and field study research method. The statistical community comprises 227 people, and the sample volume has been determined to be 68 people by using Cochran formula. Multilateral and capability-based Defense policy is a guide as well as a framework for Defense policy that leads to total capability-based Defense authority and military power. Defense and military authority is achieved through the approach of offensive deterrence which is mysterious and based on intimidation. Defense policy helps create a low-risk security environment as well as convergence with other countries of the world through signing military treaties. Defense strategy prevents the formation of military threats and hard warfare by applying the components of national power. Military strategy contributes to how to organize armed forces and to choose warfare systems for carrying out the assigned missions. In addition to institutionalizing the culture of resistance, the value-based and human-centered Defense policy boosts the spirit of fighting arrogance and Zionism.